Nitroxyl Radical Oxidation Catalysts

Nitroxyl Radical Oxidation Catalysts

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  • Generality
  • Reagent Availability
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  • General Characteristics

Alkylated hydroxylamines are easily oxidized by oxygen in the air. When there is a proton on the carbon α to the nitrogen, hydroxylamines are oxidized to nitrones. However, when the α carbons are quaternary or the double bond of nitrones would be anti-Bredt (bridgehead), the partially oxidized nitroxyl radicals can exist as stable compounds. These nitroxyl radicals are known to catalyze oxidation reactions.

TEMPO has long been used as an effective oxidation catalyst. In the 2000’s, AZADO and related catalysts were introduced by Iwabuchi. The AZADO catalysts are designed such that the active site is sterically less congested, and they have been demonstrated to be highly active and widely applicable.

It has also been reported recently that the combined use of these catalysts and either copper or iron cocatalysts can promote selective aerobic oxidation reactions.

  • General References

<AZADO & Me-AZADO>

  • Shibuya, M.; Tomizawa, M.; Suzuki, I.; Iwabuchi, Y. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2006, 128, 8412. DOI: 10.1021/ja0620336

<ABNO>

  • Shibuya, M.; Tomizawa, M.; Sasano, Y.; Iwabuchi, Y. J. Org. Chem. 2009, 74, 4619. DOI: 10.1021/jo900486w

<keto-ABNO>

<nor-AZADO>

  • Hayashi, M.; Sasano, Y.; Nagawsawa, S.; Shibuya, M.; Iwabuchi, Y. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 2011, 59, 1570. doi:10.1248/cpb.59.1570

<reviews>

  • Reaction Mechanism

See the page for TEMPO oxidation for the basic mechanistic explanation.

The redox potential of nitroxyl radical compounds (and their reactivity towards oxidation) can be tuned by modifying their structures. (Ref: Tetrahedron Lett. 201253, 2070.)

N_oxylradical_10

Figure: Extracted from ACS Catal. 20133, 2612.

  • Examples

The oxidation of sterically hindered hydroxyl groups.[1] N_oxylradical_3

The oxidation of alcohols all the way to carboxylic acids using chlorite as the stoichiometric oxidant.[2] N_oxylradical_4

Aerobic oxidation is possible in the presence of NOx.[3] N_oxylradical_5

Even a chiral catalyst capable of highly selective kinetic resolution has been developed.[4] N_oxylradical_2

An example of oxidation of fluorinated alcohols under mild conditions.[5] N_oxylradical_6

An example from the total synthesis of taiwaniadducts.[6] N_oxylradical_7

The synthesis of sphingofungin E[7]: The oxidation at a difficult position was achieved by using cyanohydrin. N_oxylradical_8

A high yielding example from the synthesis of (-)-acetylaranotin.[8] N_oxylradical_9

  • Experimental Procedure

  • Experimental Tips

  • References

  1. Shibuya, M.; Tomizawa, M.; Suzuki, I.; Iwabuchi, Y. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2006, 128, 8412. DOI: 10.1021/ja0620336
  2. Shibuya, M.; Sato, T.; Tomizawa, M.; Iwabuchi, Y. Chem. Commun. 2009, 1739. DOI: 10.1039/B822944A
  3. (a) Shibuya, M.; Osada, Y.; Sasano, Y.; Tomizawa, M.; Iwabuchi, Y. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2011, 133, 6497. doi:10.1021/ja110940c (b) Liu, R.; Liang, X.; Dong, C.; Hu, X. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2004, 126, 4112. DOI: 10.1021/ja031765k (c) Lauber, M. B.; Stahl, S. S. ACS Catal. 20133, 2612. DOI: 10.1021/cs400746m
  4. Murakami, K.; Sasano, Y.; Tomizawa, M.; Shibuya, M.; Kwon, E.; Iwabuchi, Y. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2014, 136, 17591. DOI: 10.1021/ja509766f
  5. Kadoh, Y.; Tashiro, M.; Oisaki, K.; Kanai, M. Adv. Synth. Catal. 2015, DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201500131
  6. Deng, J.; Zhou, S.; Zhang, W.l Li, J.; Li, R.; Li, A. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2014, 136, 8185. DOI: 10.1021/ja503972p
  7. Ikeuchi, K.; Hayashi, M.; Yamamoto, T.; Inai, M.; Asakawa, T.; Hamashima, Y.; Kan, T. Eur. J. Org. Chem. 201330, 6789. DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201301065
  8. Fujiwara, H.; Kurogi, T.; Okaya, S.; Okano, K.; Tokuyama, H. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2012, 51, 13062. DOI: 10.1002/anie.201207307
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